What are sub heads? Paragraphs? Captions? Ligatures? and Pagination?

Sub headings

Heading is the title at the start of a page or section. Chapters in books will often start off with their own heading/title.
The sub-heading is a secondary heading in this chapter or article. It contains stuff relevant to the Heading but is like a mini-topic related to the main title.

e.g: Heading: The Chemistry Elements

sub-heading: Iron

As can be seen here the heading is the 'SPORT' and the sub heading is the Bolt to compete in Anniversary Games'

Paragraphs

A paragraph is a self-contained unit of a discourse in writing dealing with a particular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences^. The start of a paragraph is indicated by beginning on a new line. Sometimes the first line is indented.

Captions

A caption, also known as a cutline, is text that appears below an image. Most captions draw attention to something in the image that is not obvious, such as its relevance to the text. Captions can consist of a few words of description, or several sentences.

Ligatures

In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more letter forms are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace consecutive characters sharing common components and are part of a more general class of glyphs called "contextual forms", where the specific shape of a letter depends on context such as surrounding letters or proximity to the end of a line.

Pagination 

It is the system by which pages are numbered. It is the arrangement and number of pages in a book, as noted in a catalog or bibliography.

Pagination is the process of dividing (content) into discrete pages, either electronic pages or printed pages. Today the latter are usually simply instances of the former that have been outputted to a printing device, such as a desktop printer or a modern printing press. For example, printed books and magazines are created first as electronic files (for example, PDF or QXD files) and then printed. 
On the Internet, pagination is used for such things as displaying a limited number of results on search engine results pages, or showing a limited number of posts when viewing a forum thread. Pagination is used in some form in almost every web application to divide returned data and display it on multiple pages. Pagination also includes the logic of preparing and displaying the links to the various pages.

On this image the pagination is the small set of results bottom right and the links to other pages.